Chapter

Learning Content and Objectives

Ⅰ. Introduction

Difficult Point:

Review of Cell Biology and Its Researching Methods

1.Contents and actuality of researches on cell biology

uKnow that cell biology is a fundamental subject in modern life science

uKnow the important researching contents on cell biology

uKnow the overall trends and key domains on cell biology research

2.A brief history of Cytology and Cell biology

uKnow the discovery of cell

uKnow the establishment of cytology and its significance

uKnow the classical period of cytology

uKnow the embranchment and development of experimental cytology and cytology

uKnow the subjects establishment and development of cell biology

uKnow the main academic organizations, issues and textbooks

Ⅱ. Summary of basic knowledge on cell

1.Basic concepts of cell

uMaster and apprehend that cell is the basic unit of life

uApprehend some new thoughts on the concepts of cell

uKnow the commonness of cell

2.Noncellular Living Organism--Virus and Its Relations With Cell

uKnow the basic knowledge of virus

uKnow that virus proliferate (replicate) in cell

uApprehend the relation between virus and cell in origin and evolution

3.Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

uKnow the minimal and simplest cell—mycoplast

uKnow and master two representation of prokaryotic cell --bacteria and cyanobacteria

uApprehend and master the comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

uKnow archaeobacteria

4.Summary of Basic Knowledge on Eukaryotic Cell

uApprehend and master basic structural system of eukaryotic cell

uApprehend the size of cell and its analysis

uApprehend the relation between the cell structure and function

uComparison between plant cell and animal cell

Ⅲ. Methodology of Cell Biology

1.Methods on Cell Structure Observation

uApprehend and master of light microscopy

uApprehend and master of electron microscope

uKnow scanning tunneling microscope

2.Analytical Methods of Cell Components

uApprehend using super-centrifugation to separate organelles, macromolecules and their complexes

uKnow the vision method of nucleic acid, proteins, enzymes, sugar and lipids in cell

uApprehend and master localization and qualitative analysis using special protein antigen

uKnow the localization and qualitative analysis of special intracellular nucleic acids

uApprehend and master research on intracellular dynamic synthesis of macromolecules using radioautography

uKnow quantitative analysis of cell chemistry

3.Cell Culture, Cell Engineering and Micromanipulation

uMaster types and methods of cell incubation

uMaster main achievements of cell engineering

Ⅳ. Cell Membrane and Cell Surface

Difficult Point:

Biomembrane System

1.Cell Membrane and Specialized Structures on Cell

Surface

uMaster and apprehend membrane structure

uKnow various kinds of membrane lipids

uApprehend species of membrane proteins and their transmembrane modes

uApprehend and master fluidity of membrane

uApprehend and master asymmetry of Membrane

uKnow functions of membrane

uKnow skeleton and specialized structures on cell surface

2.Cell Junction

uApprehend and master functions and effects of occluding junctions

uApprehend and master functions and effects of anchoring junctions

uApprehend and master functions and effects of communicating junctions

uKnow adhesive factors on cell surface

3.Cell Coat and Extracellular Matrix

uApprehend dynamic synthesis and functions of collagen

uKnow functions of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan

uKnow functions of laminin and fibronectin

uKnow functions of elastin

uKnow components and functions of plant cell wall

Ⅴ.Transmembrane Transport and Signaling

1.Transport Across Cell Membrane

uMaster the features of passive transport

uMaster the types of active transport and its differences between passive transport

uApprehend and master the concepts, process and features of endocytosis and exocytosis

2.Cell Communication and Signaling

uKnow cell communication and cell recognition

uApprehend and master intracellular receptor-mediated signaling

uApprehend and master cell-surface receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling

uKnow cell-surface linked protein-mediated signaling

uApprehend basic features of signaling and network integrated information of protein kinase

Ⅵ. Cytosol and Endomembrane System

1.Cytoplasmic Matrix (Cytosol)

uApprehend the meaning of cytoplasmic matrix

uMaster functions of cytoplasmic matrix

uKnow concepts of cytoplasmic matrix and cytosol

2.Endoplasmic Reticulum

uKnow the two basic types of endoplasmic reticulum

uApprehend functions of endoplasmic reticulum

uKnow endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of gene expression

3.Golgi Complex

uMaster structure of Golgi apparatus and its polarity

uMaster the molecular mechanism of vesicular transport

uApprehend and master functions of Golgi apparatus and its relation with functions of endoplasmic reticulum

uApprehend and master Golgi apparatus and intracellular vesicular transport

uApprehend relations between structure and functions of endomembrane system

4.Lysosome and Peroxisome

uKnow structure of lysosome

uApprehend and master functions of lysosome

uApprehend and master of genesis of lysosome

uApprehend lysosome and diseases

uKnow differences between lysosome and peroxisome and functions of the latter

5.Intracellular Protein Sorting and Assembly of Cell Structure

uApprehend and master signal hypothesis and protein sorting signals

uApprehend and master basic pathways and types of protein sorting

uApprehend and master types and features of vesicular transport

uKnow assembly of cell structure system

Ⅶ. Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplast

1.Mitochondrion and oxidative phosphorylation

uMaster structure of mitochondrion

uKnow chemical composition and localization of enzymes in mitochondrion

uApprehend and master functions of mitochondrion

uKnow mitochondrion and diseases

2.Chloroplast and Photosynthesis (Self-learing)

uKnow the modalities, sizes and number of chloroplast

uKnow structureand chemical composition of chloroplast

uApprehend and master main function of chloroplast—photosynthesis

3.Mitochondrion and chloroplast are

   semiautonomous organelles

uKnow mitochondrion and chloroplast DNA

uApprehend and master protein synthesis of mitochondrion and chloroplast

uApprehend and master protein transport and assembly of mitochondrion and chloroplast

4.Proliferation and Origin of Mitochondrion and

   Chloroplast

uKnow proliferation of mitochondrion and chloroplast

uKnow orientation of mitochondrion and chloroplast

Ⅷ.Nucleus and Chromosome

Difficult Point:

Genetic Information Carrier and Expression System

1.Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Pore Complex

uMaster structure of nuclear envelope

uApprehend and master functions of nuclear pore complex

2.Chromatin

uMaster concept and chemical composition of chromosome

uMaster the basic structure unit of chromosome—nucleosome

uApprehend structural model of chromosome package

uMaster of euchromatin and heterochromatin

3.Chromosome

uKnow modal structure of metaphase chromosome

uApprehend and master 3 functional elements of chromosome DNA

uKnow karyotype and banding

uApprehend cause and function of giant chromosome

4.Nucleolus

uMaster ultrastructure of nucleolus

uApprehend and master functions of nucleolus

uKnow nucleolar cycle

5.Structure of Chromatin and Gene Expression

uKnow the main features of active chromatin

uKnow structure of chromatin and gene expression

6.Nuclear Matrix and Nuclear Bodies

uKnow nuclear matrix

uKnow nuclear bodies

Ⅸ. Ribosome (Self-learning)

1.Types and Structure of Ribosome

uMaster basic types and composition of ribosome

uMaster structure of ribosome

uMaster functions ribosomal proteins and rRNA

2.Polyribosome and Protein Synthesis

uKnow polyribosome

uMaster protein synthesis

uMaster position of RNA in life origin

Ⅹ. Cytoskeleton

Difficult Point:

Cytoskeleton

1.Cytoplasmic Skeletons

uApprehend and master dynamic assembly of microfilament and types and functions of microgilament-associated protein

uApprehend and master relation between microfilament function and cell movement

uApprehend and master molecular mechanism of muscle contraction

uApprehend and master dynamic assembly of microtubule, microtubule-associated protein and motor protein

uMaster functions of microtubule and their relations with cell, cell movement and localization

uMaster intermediate filament and know its functions

2.Nucleoskeleton (Self-learning)

uKnow concepts of nuclear matrix

uKnow chromosome scaffold

uMaster main functions of nuclear lamina

Ⅺ. Cell Proliferation and Its Regulation

Difficult Point:

Cell Proliferation, Differentiation and Cell Senescence and Apoptosis

1.Cell Cycle and Cell Division

uMaster cell cycle concepts and cycling phrase events

uMaster principle of cell cycle synchronization method

uMaster and apprehend main events and features in every phrases of mitosis

uApprehend and master the process and significance of meiosis

2.Cell Cycle Control

uMaster discovery and functions of MPF

uApprehend discovery of P 34cdc2 kinase and its relation with MPF

uMaster functions of cyclic protein

uMaster CDK kinase and CDK inhibitors

uMaster and apprehend how cell cycle function properly and its regulation

uKnow other inner and outer factors in cell cycle regulation

Ⅻ. Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression Regulation

1.Cell Differentiation

uMaster basic concepts of cell differentiation, dedifferentiation and re-differentiation

uKnow factors influencing cell differentiation

uApprehend and master totipotency and stem cell

uKnow cell differentiation and embryo development

2.Cancer Cell

uMaster basic features of cancer cell

uMaster and apprehend relations between cancer and oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene

uApprehend cancer results from cumulation of gene mutation

uKnow therapy approaches of cancer

3.Regulation of Eukaryote Gene Expression (Self-learning)

uKnow regulation of transcription

uKnow regulation of processing

uKnow regulation of translation

ⅩⅢ. Cell Senescence and Apoptosis

1.Cell Senescence

uKnow earlier research on cell senescence

uApprehend Hayflick limit

uKnow cell senescence in vivo

uKnow structure changes of senile cells

uMaster and apprehend molecular mechanism of cell senescence: Oxidation/Telomere

2.Cell Apoptosis

uApprehend and master concepts and biological significance of cell apoptosis

uMaster morphology and biochemical features of cell apoptosis

uApprehend the master molecular mechanisms and main pathways of apoptosis

uKnow plant cell apoptosis

uApprehend relations between cell apoptosis and senescence